Emotion malleability beliefs matter in emotion regulation: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis.

Individuals' beliefs about the malleability of emotions have been theorised to play a role in their psychological distress by influencing emotion regulation processes, such as the use of emotion regulation strategies. We conducted a meta-analysis to test this idea across studies with a focus on the relationships between emotion malleability beliefs and five distinct emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal, suppression, avoidance, rumination, and acceptance. Further, using two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modelling (TSSEM), we examined whether the emotion regulation strategies mediate the cross-sectional relationship between emotion malleability beliefs and psychological distress across studies. Thirty-seven studies were included in the meta-analyses and 55 cross-sectional studies were included in the TSSEM. Results demonstrated that, across studies, emotion malleability beliefs were significantly associated with greater use of putatively helpful strategies (particularly with cognitive reappraisal) and less use of putatively unhelpful strategies (particularly with avoidance). The use of cognitive reappraisal and avoidance partially mediated the relationship between emotion malleability beliefs and psychological distress. These results highlight the importance of considering beliefs about the malleability of emotions in the context of emotion regulation. These findings suggest the potential role of emotion malleability beliefs in interventions for individuals with emotion regulation-related difficulties and psychological distress.

Novel Enhanced Mammalian Cell Transient Expression Vector via Promoter Combination.

During the emergence of infectious diseases, evaluating the efficacy of newly developed vaccines requires antigen proteins. Available methods enhance antigen protein productivity; however, structural modifications may occur. Therefore, we aimed to construct a novel transient overexpression vector capable of rapidly producing large quantities of antigenic proteins in mammalian cell lines. This involved expanding beyond the exclusive use of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, and was achieved by incorporating a transcriptional enhancer (CMV enhancer), a translational enhancer (woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element), and a promoter based on the CMV promoter. Twenty novel transient expression vectors were constructed, with the vector containing the human elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1a) promoter showing the highest efficiency in expressing foreign proteins. This vector exhibited an approximately 27-fold higher expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein than the control vector containing only the CMV promoter. It also expressed the highest level of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor-binding domain protein. These observations possibly result from the simultaneous enhancement of the transcriptional activity of the CMV promoter and the human EF-1a promoter by the CMV enhancer. Additionally, the synergistic effect between the CMV and human EF-1a promoters likely contributed to the further enhancement of protein expression.

Neutralizing Activity against BQ.1.1, BN.1, and XBB.1 in Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccine Recipients: Comparison by the Types of Prior Infection and Vaccine Formulations.

Bivalent COVID-19 vaccines that contain BA.1 or BA.4/BA.5 have been introduced worldwide in response to pandemic waves of Omicron subvariants. This prospective cohort study was aimed to compare neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) against Omicron subvariants (BA.1, BA.5, BQ.1.1, BN.1, and XBB.1) before and 3-4 weeks after bivalent booster by the types of SARS-CoV-2 variants in prior infections and bivalent vaccine formulations. A total of 21 participants were included. Prior BA.1/BA.2-infected, and BA.5-infected participants showed significantly higher geometric mean titers of Nab compared to SARS-CoV-2-non-infected participants after bivalent booster (BA.1, 8156 vs. 4861 vs. 1636; BA.5, 6515 vs. 4861 vs. 915; BQ.1.1, 697 vs. 628 vs. 115; BN.1, 1402 vs. 1289 vs. 490; XBB.1, 434 vs. 355 vs. 144). When compared by bivalent vaccine formulations, Nab titers against studied subvariants after bivalent booster did not differ between BA.1 and BA.4/BA.5 bivalent vaccine (BA.1, 4886 vs. 5285; BA.5, 3320 vs. 4118; BQ.1.1, 311 vs. 572; BN.1, 1028 vs. 1095; XBB.1, 262 vs. 362). Both BA.1 and BA.4/BA.5 bivalent vaccines are immunogenic and provide enhanced neutralizing activities against Omicron subvariants. However, even after the bivalent booster, neutralizing activities against the later Omicron strains (BQ.1.1, BN.1, and XBB.1) would be insufficient to provide protection.

Development of college student focused care in a psychiatric hospital: Preliminary clinical outcomes and future directions.

OBJECTIVE: The unique features of college experience make it essential to address escalating mental-health challenges beyond college campuses. In 2010, we launched college-student focused (CSF) care nested within an adult day treatment program in a psychiatric hospital. The CSF care consists of student group therapies, individual consultation services for hospital staff and student-patients, and student-focused mental health guides for patients and families. This study preliminarily examined the clinical impact of CSF care on post-treatment symptoms reduction. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: In 235 college student-patients admitted to the day program between 2011 July to 2013 January, we assessed the targeted outcomes of the CSF care, using a newly developed CSF questionnaire. RESULTS: Higher levels of CSF care-related outcomes predicted reduced post-treatment depression and anxiety, even after controlling for baseline clinical symptoms and post-treatment skills usage. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlighted the benefits and need for CSF care on a healthcare system level.

Factor structure of the counseling center assessment of psychological symptoms (CCAPS): Comparisons across college students in inpatient and outpatient settings.

This study examined the measurement model of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms 34-item version (CCAPS-34) in 363 college student patients of a psychiatric hospital, and compared their ratings with national student samples treated in counseling centers (the national average). The 7-factor model of the CCAPS-34 fits well with data from patient samples. The measure showed measurement invariance across levels of care (i.e., inpatient and outpatient). Compared to the national average, the most apparent differences in clinical characteristics of hospitalized students were higher levels of depression.

Clinical profiles of college student patients in a psychiatric hospital.

College students represent a significant portion of patients in a psychiatric hospital. However, limited previous research has examined the clinical profiles of this unique population, especially across both inpatient and outpatient settings. To better understand college student mental health, the current study explored the potentially heterogeneous groups of students admitted to inpatient or treated in outpatient units in a large psychiatric hospital. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify latent clusters based on mental health-related struggles, measured by the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-34, a measure specifically designed to assess college students. LPA results identified five underlying clusters: 1) negative affect (NA); 2) NA/alcohol struggles; 3) NA/eating concerns; 4) general distress; and 5) low clinical scores. Students who reported comorbid alcohol-related struggles or eating concerns with negative affect showed the greatest overall distress. The NA/alcohol struggles group was more likely to be inpatient than outpatient. Notably, the NA/eating concerns group, one of the most distressed groups, did not significantly predict higher levels of care, indicating that outpatient students may struggle as greatly as inpatient students. The current study provides new insights into the clinical profiles of the important, yet traditionally understudied, population of college students in both inpatient and outpatient psychiatric hospital settings. Future research on college student patients is imperative to better understand college student mental health from both hospital and university perspectives.

Does the Loudness Dependence of Auditory Evoked Potential Predict Response to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors?: A Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Loudness of dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) is an electroencephalogram-based measure that represents amplitude changes of auditory evoked potentials in primary auditory cortex. Several narrative reviews argued that pre-treatment LDAEP values predict responses to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This study aims to quantify the overall relationship between baseline LDAEP values and treatment response to SSRIs in patients with depression and generalized anxiety disorders, evidenced by clinical symptoms reductions, across multiple studies. METHODS: In our meta-analysis, seven articles with a total sample of 241 patients were included. RESULTS: Our results showed that stronger baseline LDAEP values predicted favorable response to SSRIs for depression and anxiety, with a moderate effect size. CONCLUSION: The current results support the idea that LDAEP is a promising biomarker for SSRIs treatment prediction in patients with depression and generalized anxiety disorder.

Listening to the blues: An ecological momentary assessment of music choice in depression.

Persons with depression consistently report a different pattern of music preference, compared to nondepressed persons. Are such preferences maladaptive or beneficial? We tested this question in a study with 3 parts that examined 77 participants' (39 with and 38 without clinical depression) music choice in daily life, affective changes after music listening, and the reasons for music listening. During a 3-day ecological momentary assessment, participants chose a song from a preset music library of happy and sad songs and rated their affect before and after hearing the chosen song. In addition, we analyzed the characteristics (e.g., tempo) of songs participants listened to more than 5 times over 7 days (from participants' Spotfiy music streaming accounts; favorite songs). Finally, we analyzed the reasons for music listening in general when feeling happy and sad. Unlike nondepressed persons, persons with depression lacked a preference for happy over sad songs in daily contexts. Notably, both groups reported increased relaxedness as well as decreased happiness after hearing sad songs. Further, favorite songs of persons with depression had a slower tempo than nondepressed persons' ones. When reporting reasons to listen to music when feeling sad, both groups were less likely to report that they listened to music to increase high arousal positive affect, compared to other reasons. One reason that may attract persons with depression to sad music is a desire to feel calm. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Why do depressed people prefer sad music?

One of the cardinal symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) is persistent sadness. Do people with MDD actually prefer sad stimuli, potentially perpetuating their depression? Millgram, Joormann, Huppert, and Tamir (2015) observed such preferences and interpreted them as reflecting a maladaptive emotion regulatory goal to upregulate sad feelings. We assessed emotional music choice among both those with MDD and healthy controls (HC), and assessed the reasons for music preferences in these two groups. Seventy-six female participants (38 per group) completed two tasks: (1) Millgram et al.'s (2015) music task wherein participants listened to happy, neutral, and sad music excerpts and chose the one they wanted to listen to most, and (2) a novel Emotional Music Selection Task (EMST) wherein participants chose preferred music clips, varying in emotion and energy level, in paired-choice trials. In the replication music task, MDD people were more likely to choose sad music. However, inconsistent with any motivation to upregulate sadness, people with MDD reported that they chose sad music because it was low in energy levels (e.g., relaxing). EMST results revealed that MDD people had a stronger preference for both low energy and sad music, relative to HC. The strong appeal of sad music to people with MDD may be related to its calming effects rather than any desire to increase or maintain sad feelings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Endophytic Trichoderma citrinoviride isolated from mountain-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng) has great potential as a biocontrol agent against ginseng pathogens.

BACKGROUND: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is an invaluable medicinal plant containing various bioactive metabolites (e.g., ginsenosides). Owing to its long cultivation period, ginseng is vulnerable to various biotic constraints. Biological control using endophytes is an important alternative to chemical control. METHODS: In this study, endophytic Trichoderma citrinoviride PG87, isolated from mountain-cultivated ginseng, was evaluated for biocontrol activity against six major ginseng pathogens. T. citrinoviride exhibited antagonistic activity with mycoparasitism against all ginseng pathogens, with high endo-1,4-ß-D-glucanase activity. RESULTS: T. citrinoviride inoculation significantly reduced the disease symptoms caused by Botrytis cinerea and Cylindrocarpon destructans and induced ginsenoside biosynthesis in ginseng plants. T. citrinoviride was formulated as dustable powder and granules. The formulated agents also exhibited significant biocontrol activity and induced ginsenosides production in the controlled environment and mountain area. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that T. citrinoviride has great potential as a biological control agent and elicitor of ginsenoside production.

Is social network site usage related to depression? A meta-analysis of Facebook-depression relations.

BACKGROUND: Facebook depression is defined as feeling depressed upon too much exposure to Social networking sites (SNS). Researchers have argued that upward social comparisons made on SNS are the key to the Facebook depression phenomenon. To examine the relations between SNS usage and depression, we conducted 4 separate meta-analyses relating depression to: (1) time spent on SNS, (2) SNS checking frequency, (3) general and (4) upward social comparisons on SNS. We compared the four mean effect sizes in terms of magnitude. METHODS: Our literature search yielded 33 articles with a sample of 15,881 for time spent on SNS, 12 articles with a sample of 8041 for SNS checking frequency, and 5 articles with a sample of 1715 and 2298 for the general and the upward social comparison analyses, respectively. RESULTS: In both SNS-usage analyses, greater time spent on SNS and frequency of checking SNS were associated with higher levels of depression with a small effect size. Further, higher levels of depression were associated with greater general social comparisons on SNS with a small to medium effect, and greater upward social comparisons on SNS with a medium effect. Both social comparisons on SNS were more strongly related to depression than was time spent on SNS. LIMITATIONS: Limitations include heterogeneity in effect sizes and a small number of samples for social comparison analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with the notion of 'Facebook depression phenomenon' and with the theoretical importance of social comparisons as an explanation.

Are attitudes towards emotions associated with depression? A Conceptual and meta-analytic review.

OBJECTIVES: We performed a conceptual and meta-analytic review of the relationship between negative cognitive and affective evaluations of negative emotional experiences (negative ATE) and depression. We examined the negative ATE-depression relationship in terms of three ATE constructs: fear of emotion, non-acceptance of emotion, and distress intolerance. We also explored whether the negative ATE-depression relationship differs as a function of specific emotions. METHODS: Seventy articles with a total sample of 19950 adults were included in the general analysis, and 10 studies with a total sample of 1726 were included in the emotion-specific analysis. RESULTS: In the general analysis, negative ATE was associated with depression with a medium to large effect. Notably, this effect size was stronger than previously observed associations between emotion regulation strategies and depression (Aldao et al., 2010). In the emotion-specific analysis, negative attitudes towards depressive affect had a particularly strong association with depression. LIMITATIONS: Limitations include heterogeneity in effect sizes and a small number of samples for the emotion-specific analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The present review is the first to establish a systematic relationship between negative ATE and depression. We close with suggestions for future work designed to understand why negative ATE is related to depression, which can lead to understanding of depression's etiology and ways to refine interventions to alter ATE.

Expected Emotional Usefulness and Emotional Preference in Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies indicate that emotion regulation problems in major depressive disorder (MDD) may be caused by difficulties in preferring useful emotions according to their goals. We investigated expected emotional usefulness and emotional preference in individuals with MDD (MDDs) and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS: Participants were given an interpersonal scenario with two different goals (confrontation and collaboration) and rated their willingness to participate in emotion-provoking activities and the expected usefulness of a particular emotion. RESULTS: MDDs were similar to HCs in expected emotional usefulness but showed different patterns of emotional preference. HCs preferred happiness to negative emotions across goals whereas MDDs did not show such pattern. In addition, HCs displayed goal-appropriate preferences whereas MDDs did not prefer certain emotions for specific goals. CONCLUSION: Although MDDs seemed to understand how useful an emotion can be, they did not show preference for goal-appropriate emotions. Interventions should address why MDDs have difficulty engaging in goal-appropriate emotions despite having full knowledge of the utility of emotions in achieving goals.

Influence of spatial frequency and emotion expression on face processing in patients with panic disorder.

BACKGROUND: Deficits in facial emotion processing is a major characteristic of patients with panic disorder. It is known that visual stimuli with different spatial frequencies take distinct neural pathways. This study investigated facial emotion processing involving stimuli presented at broad, high, and low spatial frequencies in patients with panic disorder. METHODS: Eighteen patients with panic disorder and 19 healthy controls were recruited. Seven event-related potential (ERP) components: (P100, N170, early posterior negativity (EPN); vertex positive potential (VPP), N250, P300; and late positive potential (LPP)) were evaluated while the participants looked at fearful and neutral facial stimuli presented at three spatial frequencies. RESULTS: When a fearful face was presented, panic disorder patients showed a significantly increased P100 amplitude in response to low spatial frequency compared to high spatial frequency; whereas healthy controls demonstrated significant broad spatial frequency dependent processing in P100 amplitude. Vertex positive potential amplitude was significantly increased in high and broad spatial frequency, compared to low spatial frequency in panic disorder. Early posterior negativity amplitude was significantly different between HSF and BSF, and between LSF and BSF processing in both groups, regardless of facial expression. LIMITATION: The possibly confounding effects of medication could not be controlled. CONCLUSIONS: During early visual processing, patients with panic disorder prefer global to detailed information. However, in later processing, panic disorder patients overuse detailed information for the perception of facial expressions. These findings suggest that unique spatial frequency-dependent facial processing could shed light on the neural pathology associated with panic disorder.

Reading simple and complex facial expressions in patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.

AIM: Decoding facial expression is important for psychological well-being. This study examined facial emotion recognition of simple/complex and pleasant/unpleasant emotions in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (AnD). METHODS: Patients with MDD (n = 37), AnD (n = 36) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 40) participated in this study. The recognition accuracy of emotional faces was calculated. RESULTS: Patients with MDD had significantly lower recognition accuracy compared to HC. Patients with MDD exhibited lower recognition accuracy for simple emotions compared to patients with AnD and HC, and lower accuracy for complex emotions compared only to HC. Patients with AnD and HC showed comparable recognition accuracy for simple emotions, which were lower than that of patients with MDD. However, in recognition accuracy of complex emotions, AnD was not significantly different from either MDD or HC. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MDD and AnD have a distinctive difficulty with the recognition of facial expressions. The recognition of complex emotions in patients with MDD and AnD should be studied further.

Enhanced Early Posterior Negativity to Fearful Faces in Patients with Anxiety Disorder.

Patients with anxiety disorders (AnDs) have distinct patterns of threat-related emotional processing compared to healthy controls (HCs). The current study investigated the temporal course of emotional processing in AnDs by examining Event-related potential (ERP) components. Twenty-three AnDs and twenty-four age- and gender-matched HCs viewed emotional (fearful, happy) and neutral faces while their electroencephalograms were recorded. Early (P100, N170), middle (early posterior negativity; EPN), and late ERP components late positive potential were analyzed. To localize ERP source activity, standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) was used. AnDs displayed significantly enhanced mean amplitude of the EPN compared to HCs when fearful faces were presented. In addition, the EPN's mean amplitude elicited by fearful faces was more pronounced than for happy and neutral faces in AnDs, whereas in HCs the EPN elicited by fearful faces was only augmented compared to neutral faces. Finally, sLORETA analysis revealed that the source activity of the EPN (fearful minus happy face condition) was increased in the cuneus and precuneus in AnDs compared to HCs. Our results indicate that the EPN is a distinct ERP component modulated by facial emotional processing in AnDs. Furthermore, the results show that anxiety symptoms enhance selective attention for fearful faces. Finally, it revealed that the cuneus and precuneus are involved in fearful face processing in AnDs.

Quantitative Electroencephalography Reflects Inattention, Visual Error Responses, and Reaction Times in Male Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) has been increasingly used to evaluate patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between qEEG data and symptom severity in patients with ADHD. METHODS: Fifteen patients with ADHD and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Electroencephalography was assessed in the resting-state, and qEEG data were obtained in the eyes-closed state. The Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) and continuous performance tests (CPTs) were used to assess all participants. RESULTS: Theta-band (4-7 Hz) power across the brain was significantly positively correlated with inattention scores on the K-ARS, reaction times and commission errors on the CPTs in ADHD patients. Gamma-band (31-50 Hz) power was significantly positively correlated with the results of the auditory CPTs in ADHD patients. The theta/alpha (8-12 Hz) and theta/beta (13-30 Hz) ratios were significantly negatively correlated with commission and omission errors on auditory CPTs in ADHD patients. No significant correlations between qEEG relative power and K-ARS and CPT scores were observed in HCs. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that qEEG may be a useful adjunctive tool in patients with ADHD.

Clinical implications of loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials in patients with atypical depression.

OBJECTIVES: The loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP) has been proposed as a useful biomarker of serotonin activity, and the LDAEP value is low in patients with melancholic depression. In this study, we evaluated LDAEP levels in patients with atypical depression. METHODS: We recruited 53 patients with atypical depression and 68 patients with non-atypical depression. Subjects were evaluated by the Atypical Depression Diagnostic Scale (ADDS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA), Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSI), Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales, and Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS). To determine LDAEP, the peak-to-peak N1/P2 was measured at five stimulus intensities and the LDAEP was calculated as the linear-regression slope. RESULTS: Patients with atypical depression had stronger LDAEP values and higher BAS and HPS scores than those with non-atypical depression. LDAEP showed a pattern of gradual decrease according to ADDS score hierarchy in patients with major depressive disorder. In the atypical depression group, LDAEP showed significant negative correlation with the BSI score and significant positive correlation with BAS score. In the non-atypical depression group, LDAEP did not show any significant correlations with the scores of psychological scales. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that there is a relatively deficient serotonergic activity in patients with atypical depression and that LDAEP reflects mood reactivity. The transient drop of serotonergic activity induced by mood vulnerability might contribute to suicidal tendencies in patients with atypical depression.

Functional connectivity of resting state EEG and symptom severity in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is thought to be a brain network disorder. This study aimed to examine the resting-state functional connectivity (FC) in patients with PTSD. METHODS: Thirty-three PTSD patients and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited. Symptom severity of the PTSD patients was assessed, and 62-channel EEG was measured. EEGs were recorded during the resting state, with the eyes closed. Three nodal network measures to assess nodal centrality [nodal degree (Dnodal; connection strength), nodal efficiency (Enodal; communication efficiency), and betweenness centrality (BC; connection centrality)] were calculated in the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands. RESULTS: Dnodal and Enodal of the beta and gamma bands were decreased in PTSD patients compared to healthy controls. These decreased nodal centrality values were observed primarily at the frontocentral electrodes. In addition, Dnodal of the beta and gamma bands was significantly correlated with depressive symptoms and increased arousal symptoms, respectively. Enodal of the beta and gamma bands was significantly correlated with re-experience, increased arousal, and the severity and frequency of general PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSION: Compared to controls, patients with PTSD were found to have decreased resting-state FC, and these FC measures were significantly correlated with PTSD symptom severity. Our results suggest that resting-state FC could be a useful biomarker for PTSD.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from raw chicken meat and human stools in Korea.

Prevalence of Campylobacter in raw chicken meat and human stools and subsequent antibiotic resistance profiles of the pathogenic isolates obtained from 2000 through 2002 were investigated. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were isolated from 570 of the 923 raw chicken meat samples collected from traditional markets, large retail stores, or department stores in Korea, resulting in the isolation rate of 61.8%. A total of 579 Campylobacter isolates were obtained from raw chicken (36.3% for C. jejuni and 26.4% for C. coli) with the average population of 335.6 CFU/g. From 513 human stool samples, 15 isolates of Campylobacter were detected. Seasonal variation in the quantification of C. coli was not noticeable throughout the year, while the isolation rate of C. jejuni was the highest in September through October (840 CFU/g) followed by that of July through August and May through June in decreasing order, showing a significant seasonal effect (P < 0.05). Contamination of Campylobacter was more severe in raw chicken meat sold in traditional markets than in those sold in large retail stores and department stores. Prevalence of Campylobacter in raw chicken sold in traditional markets was significantly influenced by seasonal changes (P < 0.05), whereas the samples obtained from other places was less affected by the seasonal changes. Susceptibilities of the 594 chicken isolates to ciprofloxaxin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline were determined by an E-test. Campylobacter isolates were the most resistant to nalidixic acid (91.4%) followed by ciprofloxaxin (87.9%), tetracycline (87.2%), kanamycin (30.6%), erythromycin (19.4%), and chloramphenicol (1.3%). Human isolates showed a similar resistance to the six antibiotics tested. The proportion of Campylobacter isolates with multidrug resistance to four or more antimicrobials obtained from 2000 through 2002 ranged from 28 to 43.5%, indicating that it could be a serious health-threatening factor. This study suggests that it is prudent to establish an effective National Monitoring Program in Korea for the prevention and control of Campylobacter spp.